SHALLOW COPY (Default memberwise copy - DANGEROUS for raw pointers):
Obj1: ptr (0x5000) ──┐
├──► Heap Array [ 10, 20, 30 ] (Double Free on destruction!)
Obj2: ptr (0x5000) ──┘
DEEP COPY (Custom Copy Constructor):
Obj1: ptr1 (0x5000) ──► Heap Array 1 [ 10, 20, 30 ]
Obj2: ptr2 (0x8000) ──► Heap Array 2 [ 10, 20, 30 ] (Independent copies!)#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
class DynamicString {
private:
char* buffer;
size_t length;
public:
// Parameterized Constructor
explicit DynamicString(const char* str = "") {
length = std::strlen(str);
buffer = new char[length + 1];
std::strcpy(buffer, str);
}
// Custom Deep Copy Constructor
DynamicString(const DynamicString& other) : length(other.length) {
buffer = new char[length + 1]; // Allocate new memory
std::strcpy(buffer, other.buffer);
std::cout << "[Copy Constructor] Deep copy performed for: " << buffer << "\n";
}
~DynamicString() {
delete[] buffer;
}
void print() const { std::cout << "String: " << buffer << "\n"; }
};
int main() {
DynamicString str1("Operate Tools");
DynamicString str2 = str1; // Invokes Deep Copy Constructor
str1.print();
str2.print();
return 0; // Both destructors safely delete independent buffers
}std::string, std::vector) to avoid writing custom copy constructors.const ClassName&.delete (ClassName(const ClassName&) = delete;) for non-copyable resource classes (e.g. file handles, mutex locks).